Climate Fault Lines
The New Political Economy of a Warming World
(with Helen V. Milner) Princeton University Press. 2026.
Climate change is no longer an abstraction, as the world experiences extreme heat, rising sea levels, and brutally destructive wildfires. In Climate Fault Lines, Alexander Gazmararian and Helen Milner show that the effects of climate change are far from equal, with the most severe damages concentrated in the world's hottest regions. They argue that this divide—a fault line that cuts across existing social, economic, and political divisions—will produce diverging political responses to the changing climate. People, businesses, and governments on the more vulnerable side of the fault line are motivated to address climate change because they directly experience its intensifying effects. Those on the other side, however, enact climate policy not because they face climate-caused dangers but because it promises to deliver cleaner air, economic gains, or greater energy security.
Gazmararian and Milner support their argument—which departs from the prevailing wisdom that Northern European states are climate leaders whereas developing nations are free riders—by bringing together models from geosciences, economics, and political science. The data show that voters and businesses with the most to lose are reshaping the incentives and policies of local and national governments below the fault line. Unequal harm, not shared vulnerability, increasingly informs climate politics.
